CDXWRF

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The `Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment' (CORDEX) is a scientific effort of the World Climate Research Program (WRCP) for the coordination of regional climate initiatives. In order to accept an experiment, CORDEX provides experiment guidelines, specifications of regional domains and data access/archiving. Data requirements are intended to cover all the possible needs of stake holders, and scientists working on climate change mitigation and adaptation policies in various scientific communities. The required data and diagnostics are grouped into different levels of frequency (sub-daily, daily, monthly and seasonal), priority (Core, Tier1, Tier2), and some of them even have to be provided as statistics (minimum, maximum, mean). Here is presented the development of a specialized module called module_diag_cordex (version 1.3) for the Weather Research and Forecasting ((WRF, Skamarok et al. 2008)) model, capable of outputting the required CORDEX variables. Additional diagnostic variables not required by CORDEX, but of potential interest to the regional climate modeling community, are also included in the module. `Generic' definitions of variables are adopted in order to overcome model and/or physics parameterization dependence of certain diagnostics and variables, thus facilitating a robust comparison among simulations. The module is computationally optimized, and the output is divided in different priority levels following CORDEX specifications (Core, Tier1, and additional) by selecting pre-compilation flags. This implementation of the module does not add a significant extra cost when running the model, for example the addition of the Core variables slows the model time-step by less than a 5%. The use of the module reduces the requirements of disk storage by about a 50%.

An article is available in `Geosciences Model Development Discussions journal' GMDD

It is recommend to contact Lluís Fita (lluis.fita [a] cima.fcen.uba.ar) in order to keep a track and being able to inform of new versions/corrections.

Disclaimer 

Authors decline any responsibility of the possible unexpected consequence of the use of this software. This piece 
of code is provided following the scientific spirit of sharing knowledge and technical advances. Please, use it 
with the same intention and willingness.

There are four working versions of the code for WRFV3.7.1, WRFV3.8.1, WRFV3.9.1.1, WRFV4.0. :

Although a pull of the WRF source code has been made and the module is currently being direclty added to the official source of the code of the model, and its final inclusion will be done by decission of the development team of the model.

Be aware that certain surface variables and their statistics (clWRF, Fita et al 2010) are retrieved from namelist configuration (from WRF users web page) 

4. output_diagnostics = 1 in &time_control. Climate diagnostics. This option outputs 36 surface diagnostic variables:
maximum and minimum, times when max and min occur, mean value, standard deviation of the mean for T2, Q2, TSK, U10, 
V10, 10 m wind speed, RAINCV, RAINNCV (the last two are time-step rain). The output goes to auxiliary output stream 3, 
and hence it needs the following:

auxhist3_outname = “wrfxtrm_d<domain>_<date>”
auxhist3_interval = 1440, 1440,
frames_per_auxhist3 = 100, 100,
io_form_auxhist3 = 2

In this page CDXWRFevolution one founds updates, bug fixes of the module.

With this module, now all CORDEX variables (except `snow melt') are available with the files wrfxtrm, wrfpress and wrfcdx, except for the fied values such as 'areacella'. See CDXvariablestable for more detail

Contenido

CORDEX requirements

CORDEX requirements of data must cover all the possible needs of stake holders, and scientists working on the adaptation and mitigation strategies. They are grouped in different levels of frequency and priority. A working copy of this list is available here from the CORDEX convection permitting Flag Ship Pilot study.

Some of the variables are not directly computed in the WRF model which require to extend the model output in order to provide enough variables to post-process the variables.

The implementation of the module_diag_cordex module should allow to avoid the post-processing by computing the CORDEX-required (Core & Tier) variables during model integration. At the same time, some extra variables, which might be of interest to the community but not required by CORDEX, have also been added.

NOTE: 

Be aware that any systematic checking process has been applied to this module. Use it and the
variables therein at your own risk !! It has been tested on a 2-nested domain configuration with the 
inner domain at cloud resolving resolution (< 5 km, without cumulus scheme), making use of restarts 
and on serial, pure distributed memory and hybrid distributed/shared parallel environment

module_diag_cordex

The module is basically based on two modules:

  • phys/module_diag_cordex.F: Main module which manages the calls to the variables and the accumulations for the means, ...
  • phys/module_diagvar_cordex.F: Module with the computation of all the variables

This module is accompanied with a new Registry/registry.cordex where the variables and a new section in the namelist.input labeled cordex are defined. There are other necessary complementary modifications on phys/module_diagnostics_driver.F encompassed by the pre-compilaton flag CORDEXDIAG, as well some modifications in the main/depend.common and phys/Makefile. Output is provided by the auxiliary history output #9 with a provisional file name: wrfcordex_d<domain>_<date> All that variables which are only required at output time step, are computed only at that exact time.

Description of the installation process can be found here CDXWRFinstall Description of the usage of the model can be found here CDXWRFuse Description of the additional pressure level interpolation variables can be found here CDXWRFpvars Description of the `Core' variables can be found here CDXWRFcore Description of the `Tier1' variables can be found here CDXWRFtier Description of the `Additional' variables can be found here CDXWRFadditional Description of the studies about optimization of the module can be found here CDXWRFopt

Variables

These are the different variables added and their implementations from the WRF point of view. There might be necessary to revise some of them, or even decide which version to use In case of accumulation/mean they are also be included

These variables are:

  • Instantaneous diagnostics (only computed on output times)
    • Core
    - prw: Total water path
    - clwvi: Total liquid water path (QCLOUD + QRAIN)
    - clivi: Total ice water path (QSNOW+QICE+GRAUPEL+QHAIL)
    - uas: 10m earth-rotated eastward wind [ms-1]
    - vas: 10m earth-rotated northward wind [ms-1]
    - wss: 10m wind speed [ms-1]
    - hurs: 2m relative humidty [1]
    - huss: 2m specific humidty [1]
    - mrso: total soil moisture content [kgm-2]
    - slw: total liquid water content [kgm-2]
    - ws100: 100m wind speed [ms-1]
    - uz100: 100m wind x-direction [ms-1]
    - vz100: 100m wind y-direction [ms-1]
    - tauu, tauuv: components of the downward wind stress at 10 m [m2s-2] (might be zero if sf_sfclay_physics /= 1, 5)
    - tauugen, tauuvgen: generic components of the downward wind stress at 10 m [m2s-2]
    - cdcdx: drag coefficient [-] (might be zero if sf_sfclay_physics /= 1, 5)
    - cdgen: generic drag coefficient [-]
    - ps: surface pressure [Pa]
    - ts: skin temperature [K]
    • Tier1
    - zmla: pbl height following a generic method [m]
    - clgvi: Total graupel path (QGRAUPEL)
    - clhvi: Total hail path (QHAIL)
    • Additional
    - ua: 3D earth-rotated eastward wind [ms-1]
    - va: 3D earth-rotated northward wind [ms-1]
    - ws: 3D wind speed [ms-1]
    - ta: 3D air-temperature [K]
    - press: 3D air pressure [Pa]
    - zg: 3D geopotential height [m]
    - hur: 3D relative humidty [1]
    - hus: 3D specific humidty [1]
    - psl: sea level pressure [Pa] (three different ways)
    • Only via changes in the registry
    - clt: total cloud cover [1]
    - cll: low-level cloud cover [1]
    - clm: mid-level cloud cover [1]
    - clh: high-level cloud cover [1]
    - cape: Convective Available Potential Energy [Jkg-1]
    - cin: Convective inhibition [Jkg-1]
    - zlfc: Height at the Level of free convection [m]
    - plfc: Pressure at the Level of free convection [Pa]
    - li: Lifted index [1]
    - tds: 2m dew point temperature [K]
  • Accumulated or similar time dependency (computed at every time-step). They are initialized after each output time-step. Thus, they represent statistics (mean, accumulation) only from between output time-steps.
    • Core
    - cltmean: mean clt
    - cllmean: mean cll
    - clmmean: mean clm
    - clhmean: mean clh
    - wsgsmax: maximum surface wind gust [ms-1] (two different methods)
    - ugsmax: eastward maximum surface gust wind direction [ms-1]
    - vgsmax: northward maximum surface gust wind direction [ms-1]
    - wsgspercen: percentage of times when grid point got gust wind [%]
    - totwsgsmax: maximum surface wind gust [ms-1] (addition of different methods)
    - totugsmax: eastward maximum surface gust wind direction [ms-1]
    - totvgsmax: northward maximum surface gust wind direction [ms-1]
    - totwsgspercen: percentage of times when grid point got total gust wind [%]
    - wsz100max: maximum 100m wind [ms-1] (two different methods)
    - uz100max: eastward maximum 100m wind direction [ms-1]
    - vz100max: northward maximum 100m wind direction [ms-1]
    - sund: sunshine length [s]
    - rsds: mean surface Downwelling Shortwave Radiation [Wm-2]
    - rlds: mean surface Downwelling Longwave Radiation [Wm-2]
    - hfls: mean surface Upward Latent Heat Flux [Wm-2]
    - hfss: mean surface Upward Sensible Heat Flux [Wm-2]
    - rsus: mean surface Upwelling Shortwave Radiation [Wm-2]
    - rlus: mean surface Upwelling Longwave Radiation [Wm-2]
    - rsusgen: mean generic surface Upwelling Shortwave Radiation [Wm-2]
    - rlusgen: mean generic surface Upwelling Longwave Radiation [Wm-2]
    - evspsbl: mean evaporation [kgm-2s-1]
    - evspsblpot: mean potential evapotranspiration [kgm-2s-1]
    - evspsblpotgen: mean generic potential evapotranspiration [kgm-2s-1]
    - snc: mean snow area fraction [%]
    - snd: mean snow depth [m]
    - mrros: mean surface Runoff [kgm-2s-1]
    - mrro: mean total Runoff [kgm-2s-1]
    - mrsol: mean total water content of soil layer [kgm-2]
    - pr: precipitation flux [kgm-2s-1]
    - prl: large scale precipitation flux [kgm-2s-1]
    - prc: convective precipitation flux [kgm-2s-1]
    - prsh: shallow-cumulus precipitation flux [kgm-2s-1]
    - prsn: solid precipitation flux [kgm-2s-1]
    - snw: accumulated snow [ksm-2]
    - rsdt: Top Of the Atmosphere incident shortwave radiation [kgm-2]
    - rsut: TOA outgoing shortwave radiation [kgm-2]
    - rlut: TOA outgoing Longwave radiation [kgm-2]
    • Tier1
    - capemin: minimum CAPE [Jkg-1] (activated if convxtrm_diag =1)
    - cinmin: minimum CIN [Jkg-1] (activated if convxtrm_diag =1)
    - zlfcmin: minimum height at LFC [m] (activated if convxtrm_diag =1)
    - plfcmin: minimum Pressure at LFC [Pa] (activated if convxtrm_diag =1)
    - lidxmin: minimum Lifted index [1] (activated if convxtrm_diag =1)
    - capemax: maximum CAPE [Jkg-1] (activated if convxtrm_diag =1)
    - cinmax: maximum CIN [Jkg-1] (activated if convxtrm_diag =1)
    - zlfcmax: maximum height at LFC [m] (activated if convxtrm_diag =1)
    - plfcmax: maximum Pressure at LFC [Pa] (activated if convxtrm_diag =1)
    - lidxmax: maximum Lifted index [1] (activated if convxtrm_diag =1)
    - capemean: mean CAPE [Jkg-1] (activated if convxtrm_diag =1)
    - cinmean: mean CIN [Jkg-1] (activated if convxtrm_diag =1)
    - zlfcmean: mean height at LFC [m] (activated if convxtrm_diag =1)
    - plfcmean: mean Pressure at LFC [Pa] (activated if convxtrm_diag =1)
    - lidxmean: mean Lifted index [1] (activated if convxtrm_diag =1)
    • Additional (not required by CORDEX)
    - tfog: time of presence of fog [s]
    - fogvisbltymin: minimun visibility inside fog [km]
    - fogvisbltymax: maximun visibility inside fog [km]
    - fogvisbltymean: mean visibility inside fog [km]
    - tdsmin: minimum 2m dew point temperature [K]
    - tdsmax: maximum 2m dew point temperature [K]
    - tdsmean: mean 2m dew point temperature [K]
    • Additionally added referred to the water budget in the atmosphere:
      • wbacdiabh: Water-budget vertically integrated accumulated of diabatic heating from microphysics [K]
      • wbacpw, wbacpw[c/r/s/i/g/h]: Water-budget vertically integrated accumulated total tendency for water vapour, cloud, rain, snow, ice, graupel, hail [mm]
      • wbacf, wbacf[c/r/s/i/g/h]: Water-budget vertically integrated accumulated horizontal advection for water vapour, cloud, rain, snow, ice, graupel, hail [mm]
      • wbacz, wbacz[c/r/s/i/g/h]: Water-budget vertically integrated accumulated vertical advection for water vapour, cloud, rain, snow, ice, graupel, hail [mm]
      • wbacdiabh{l/m/h}: Water-budget vertically integrated accumulated of diabatic heating from microphysics at low, medium and high levels (same as cloudiness) [K]
      • wbacpw{l/m/h}[v/c/r/s/i/g/h]: Water-budget vertically integrated accumulated total tendency for water vapour, cloud, rain, snow, ice, graupel, hail at low, medium and high levels (same as cloudiness) [mm]
      • wbacf{l/m/h}[v/c/r/s/i/g/h]: Water-budget vertically integrated accumulated horizontal advection for water vapour, cloud, rain, snow, ice, graupel, hail at low, medium and high levels (same as cloudiness) [mm]
      • wbacz{l/m/h}[v/c/r/s/i/g/h]: Water-budget vertically integrated accumulated vertical advection for water vapour, cloud, rain, snow, ice, graupel, hail at low, medium and high levels (same as cloudiness) [mm]
  • Pressure interplation (Core)
    - hus_pl: specific humidity [1]
    - w_pl: vertical wind speed [ms-1]
    - uer_pl: Earth-rotated wind x-component [ms-1]
    - ver_pl: Earth-rotated wind y-component [ms-1]
    - ws_pl: wind speed [ms-1]


Missing variables

There are certain variables from CORDEX ‘Tier1' which could not yet be introduced

wsgsmax100: Daily Maximum Near-Surface Wind Speed of Gust at 100 m

The wind gust at 100 m is understood that should follow similar processes that the wind gust at the surface (like in wsgsmax). At this version of the module there has not been considered to be included in the search for the right equations and approximations.

ic_lightning, cg_lightning, tot_lightning: intra-cloud, ground and total lightning flashes

There is lightning scheme implementation in WRF. (lightning_option among other from namelist.input). It might require some adjustment prior it's use. It does not sees to provide a wolrdwide cloud/ground discrimination

Accordingly to the value given to the pre-compilation variable CDXWRF one obtains:

  • Without adding the variable: all CORDEX 'Core' variables
  • CDXWRF=1 CORDEX 'Tier' variables: clgvi, clhvi, zmla, [cape/cin/zlfc/plfc/lidx]{min/max/mean}
  • CDXWRF=2 The same as with CDXWRF=1 and additional variables: ua, va, ws, ta, press, zg, hur, hus, tfog, fogvisblty{min/max/mean}, tds{min/max/mean} and the Water-Budget relarted ones: wbacdiabh, wbacpw, wbacpw[c/r/s/i/g/h], wbacf, wbacf[c/r/s/i/g/h], wbacz, wbacz[c/r/s/i/g/h], wbacdiabh{l/m/h}, wbacpw{l/m/h}, wbacpw{l/m/h}[c/r/s/i/g/h], wbacf{l/m/h}, wbacf{l/m/h}[c/r/s/i/g/h], wbacz{l/m/h}, wbacz{l/m/h}[c/r/s/i/g/h]

Simultanesouly, one needs to modify the Registry/registry.cordex accordingly to the value of CDXWRF:

  • Without adding CDXWRF, nothing needs to be changed
  • Adding CDXWRF=1, one needs to remove the comment ##CDXWRF1## at the beginning of the line of the definition of certain variables
  • Adding CDXWRF=2, one needs to remove the comment ##CDXWRF1## and ##CDXWRF2## at the beginning of the line of the definition of certain variables

Additionally, now interpolation of 3D fields to pressure levels is only done at the same frequency as the output of the wrfpress file.

Others

It will be some other hard work to do related to it.

New variables

Pretty sure that as we get closer to stake-holders, decision makers, impact and mitigation communities more variables will arise... keep in touch !?

CF-compilant file

WRF does not provide a real CF-compilant file format. It would be necessary to add at least at the output (at least on the wrfcdx_d<domain>_<date> file):

  • time variable: CF-version of variable with times in the file
  • atrtributes: WRF does not provide variables with standard attributes like: standar_name, long_name, ...

Instantaneous valuess

As an additional work, all the instantaneous variables used for the different accumuluations and extremes, can also be retrieved. It is only necessary to:

  1. Give an output unit on the registry.cordex (see instructions at the end of the file)
  2. Uncomment in the code (phys/module_diagnostics_dirver.F and module_diag_cordex.F), the commented lines with the key word: INSTVALS
  3. re-compile WRF after cleaning all the code (due to the modification in the Registry)

WRF output names

Open page for the list of variables added with the module CDXWRFout

Acknowledgements

All the coders of WRF, LMDZ, ORCHIDEE are acknowledged for their work on the developing and maintaining of the models. M. A. Jiménez from Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB) is acknowledged by her explanations on certain PBL calculations. J. Milovac from U. Hohenheim for her comments is also acknowledged. D. Argüeso from UIB. E. Katragkou and G. Sofiadis from U. Thesaloniki, T. Μ. Giannaros from National Observatory of Athens, T. Lorenz from Uni Research, the Bjerknes Centre and J. Milovac from U. Hohenheim for their assistance in the additional tests. V. Galligani, J. Ruiz and M. Sebastián from CIMA. All the development of the module has been carried out in the CIMA `hydra' cluster, L. Fita thanks the IT support for their work.

References

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  • Brasseur, O. (2001). Development and application of a physical approach to estimating wind gusts. Monthly Weather Review, 129(1):5–25.
  • Fita, L., Fernández, J., and García-Díez, M. (2010). Clwrf: Wrf modifications for regional climate simulation under future scenarios. Proceedings of 11th WRF Users' Workshop.
  • Fita, L. and Flaounas, E. (2018). Medicanes as subtropical cyclones: the december 2005 case from the perspective of surface pressure tendency diagnostics and atmospheric water budget. Q. J. Royal Met. Soc., doi: 10.1002/qj.3273
  • García-Díez, M., Fernández, J., Fita, L., and Yagüe, C. (2013). Seasonal dependence of wrf model biases and sensitivity to pbl schemes over europe. Q. J. of Roy. Met. Soc., 139:501–514.
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  • Yang, M. J., Braun, S. A., and Chen, D.-S. (2011). Water budget of typhoon nari (2001). Mon. Wather Rev., 139:3809–3828.
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